Hierarchical relational definition system and a method of defining an object

ABSTRACT

A hierarchical relational definition system ( 26 ) for defining an object is provided in which a user is presented with a plurality of menus from which selections are made, whereupon the system references a database ( 10 ) to obtain information about an object corresponding to said selections, the data including control data to determine whether a formula is to be referenced to calculate further data, and provides an output including information about said object, The system is useful in cost estimate engineering to provide estimates of man-hours to install materials. The system also has a formula adjustment mechanism ( 44, 46 ) to refine the formulae according to any variation between the actual man-hours and the calculated man-hours.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This invention relates to a hierarchical relational definition system and a method of defining an object.

BACKGFOUND ART

[0002] Literally, cost estimate engineering is the preparation of a cost estimate for an engineering project. A cost estimate typically comprises two components, direct costs and indirect costs.

[0003] Indirect costs include such things as site supervision, site engineers, plant and equipment hire, insurance and so forth. Whilst indirect costs are not negligible, in most engineering projects, direct costs constitute the bulk of the costs.

[0004] Direct costs consist of the materials used in the project and labour required to install the materials. Typically, the materials are organised as a bill of materials, which is a list of every material item required for the engineering project.

[0005] To produce a direct cost estimate, the labour required to install the materials in the bill of materials is estimated. Whilst information on materials for engineering projects exists, estimating the labour required to install a material has predominantly been based on the judgement of the cost estimate engineer. Thus, there has been a risk of inconsistencies in cost estimates, due to different judgements of cost estimate engineers in relation to the labour required for a particular material or the differing judgement of the same cost estimate engineer on a day to day basis.

[0006] Heretofore it has been unknown to have an integrated structured system with on-line databases to assist a cost estimate engineer in preparing multi-disciplined direct and indirect cost estimates at order of magnitude, budget and/or definitive level.

[0007] It is believed that such a system would have many advantages, including that it would provide a level of consistency in the labour estimates appearing in the direct cost estimates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] In accordance with one aspect of this invention, there is provided a hierarchical relational definition system for defining an object, comprising:

[0009] interface means that sequentially presents a plurality of menus from which selections are made, each selection forming an input parameter, said input parameters corresponding to an object;

[0010] indexing means which forms an index from at least one of the input parameters;

[0011] database means including fields in which data relating to said object is stored, one of the fields including control data;

[0012] referencing means arranged to reference the database means using the index to obtain therefrom the data relating to the object;

[0013] processing means responsive to said control data, said control data including instructions to control whether the processing means references a formula and calculates further data relating to said object; and

[0014] output means for creating an output corresponding to at least one of the input parameters and/or at least some of the data and the further data, if any, said output defining the object.

[0015] Preferably, each combination of input parameters represents a different object.

[0016] Preferably, only one selection is made from each menu.

[0017] Preferably, the index is formed from a plurality of the input parameters. In a preferred arrangement, the index is formed from the concatenated values of the plurality of input parameters.

[0018] Preferably, the hierarchical relational definition system includes a formulae database referenced by the processing means to obtain the formula.

[0019] Preferably, the hierarchical relational definition system is provided with a formulae adjustment database, in which adjustments to each formula in the formulae database are stored, said processing means also referencing said formulae adjustment database when calculating the further data.

[0020] Preferably, the hierarchical relational definition system is provided with a comparison means, responsive to the output and to actual data provided by a user corresponding to actual values of the further data, the comparison means altering the adjustment corresponding to the object in the formulae adjustment database to reduce any difference between the actual data and the further data.

[0021] In one arrangement, the processing means is also responsive to at least one of the input parameters and/or at least some of the data when calculating the further data.

[0022] In one arrangement, the database means and the formula adjustment database each comprise a table.

[0023] Preferably, the output means comprises table generation means which produces a table comprising at least one row, each row corresponding to an object and containing the input parameters and the further data.

[0024] Preferably, the control data includes information as to whether a user is to be asked to enter data relating to the object.

[0025] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for defining an object, comprising the steps of:

[0026] sequentially presenting a plurality of menus from which selections are made;

[0027] forming an index from at least one of the selections;

[0028] referencing a database using the index to obtain therefrom data relating to the object, some of said data being control data;

[0029] determining from said control data whether to reference a formula to calculate further data relating to the object, and if so, referencing said formula and calculating said further data; and

[0030] presenting at least one of the selections and/or at least some of the date and the further data, if any, as an output, wherein the output defines the object.

[0031] Preferably, the index is formed from a plurality of the selections.

[0032] Preferably, the method includes the step of referencing a formulae adjustment database to obtain therefrom an adjustment for said formula, which is utilised in calculating the further date.

[0033] Preferably, the method includes the step of comparing the further data with an actual value provided by a user, and on the basis of the comparison altering the adjustment corresponding to the object to reduce the difference between the further data and the actual value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] This invention will now be described with reference to one embodiment thereof and the accompanying drawings in which:

[0035]FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a cost estimate engineering software package of the embodiment;

[0036]FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a hierarchical relational definition system incorporated in the cost estimate engineering software package of the embodiment;

[0037]FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the hierarchical relational definition system shown in FIG. 2; and

[0038]FIG. 4 shows the tree menu structure utilised in the hierarchical relational definition system of FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION QF DRAWINGS

[0039] Whilst the invention is applicable to other areas, the embodiment is directed toward use in cost estimate engineering and the method of providing a cost estimate using the same. The embodiment is implemented as a software package executing on a computer.

[0040] The cost estimate engineering software package of the embodiment comprises a reference database 10, a bill of materials module 12, a direct cost estimate module 14, a direct cost historical database 18, a direct cost historical adjustment database 17, an indirect cost estimate module 18, an indirect cost historical database 20, an indirect cost historical adjustment database 21, an estimate summary 22 and a project cost control module 24, and a cost comparison means 25.

[0041] The bill of materials module 12 is formed as a hierarchical relational definition system 26 comprising an interface means 28, an indexing means 30, the reference database 10, a referencing means 32, a processing means 34 and an output means 36.

[0042] The interface means 28 presents a plurality of menus from which a user can make selections according to the material the user requires.

[0043] Cost estimate engineering usually involves estimating costs for a variety of different materials from a number of engineering disciplines. To accommodate this, there is more than one plurality of menus, each plurality being for each category of materials. In addition, the number of menus in each plurality of menus varies depending upon how many selections are required to uniquely identify the material. Thus, the number of menus will vary according to whether the type of required material is a piping material, an electrical engineering material or a structural engineering material.

[0044] Each of the plurality of menus has certain characteristics in common. Each plurality of menus has one or more menus in which the user's selections are used by the indexing means 30 to form the index. The number of such menus and the information presented in those menu varies from material category to category.

[0045] In addition, each plurality of menus may have a number of menus, that are not utilised by the indexing means 30 but which are required in order to uniquely identify the material for the purposes of the bill of materials and also for ordering purposes.

[0046] Whether or not a menu is used by the indexing means 30 depends upon whether the information provided in the menu influences the further data calculated by the processing means 34. In the embodiment, the further data is man-hours required to install the material. Consequently, menus which contain information that influence the man-hours required to install the material are used by the indexing means 30, whereas menus which contain information that does not affect the man-hours required to install the material, such as material finish, are not used by the indexing means 30.

[0047] In this regard, it should be appreciated that the information in the menus used by the indexing means 30 may or may not directly appear in the formula used to calculate the man-hours, but the information is necessary to uniquely identify the material and to form the index that is used to reference the date for that material, which data maybe utilised in the formula.

[0048] In the present embodiment, the menus are presented in a tree structure, so that the options presented to the user in the second menu depend upon the selection made in the first menu, and so forth.

[0049] Whilst it should be appreciated that menus for various categories of materials can be provided, in the present embodiment the menus presented are in respect of carbon steel piping to American standards and are shown in FIG. 4. The diagram in FIG. 4 is a tree diagram of the menu structure. Nine menu levels are shown, entitled Comp (component), Type joining type), Details (45° elbow, t-piece, etc), STDS (the specific standard of manufacture), Grade, Finish, Rating, Schedule and Size. Of these menus, the selections made in the Comp, Details, Rating, Schedule and Size menus are used by the indexing means 30 to form the index.

[0050] Having selected carbon steel piping to American standards, a user is initially presented with the component menu M8 from which one of three options are selected. The numbers present in FIG. 4 are for illustrative purposes only, but in the actual embodiment, a user is presented with meaningful descriptions. A table of the descriptions presented to the user corresponding to each of the menu options for each menu in FIG. 4 is presented as a table below. For the sake of brevity, menus with numerous items have only some of the items shown in the table below. Where items have been omitted, elipses are shown in the table. MENU SYSTEM CARBON STEEL TO AMERICAN STANDARDS Menu Menu No. ITEM DESCRIPTION NEXT MENU M1-1 GROUP 1 1 C S (CARBON STEEL TO AMERICAN STD.) M2 2 M1-2 GROUP 1 2 A S (ALLOY STEEL TO AMERICAN STD.) M2 M1-3 GROUP 1 3 S S (STAINLESS STEEL TO AMERICAN STD.) M2 M1-4 GROUP 1 4 S T (STEEL PIPE TO AUSTRALIAN STD.) M2 M1-5 GROUP 1 5 D I (DUCTILE IRON PIPE) M2 M1-6 GROUP 1 6 C U (COPPER PIPE) M2 M1-7 GROUP 1 7 V P (VICTUALIC PIPE) M2 M1-8 GROUP 1 8 P V (PLASTIC PIPE) M2 M2-1 COMPONNT 2 A PIPE CS3A1 3 M2-2 COMPONNT 2 B FITTINGS CS3B1 28 M2-3 COMPONNT 2 C FLANGES CS3C1 236 M2-4 COMPONNT 2 D VALVES CS3D1 M2-5 COMPONNT 2 E BOLTS CS3E1 398 M2-6 COMPONNT 2 F GASKETS CS3F1 527 M2-7 COMPONNT 2 G SPECIALS CS3G1 M2-8 COMPONNT 2 H SUPPORTS CS3H1 CS3A1 TYPE 3 1 BEVELLED ENDS CS4A1 4 3 2 PLAIN ENDS CS4A1 4 CS4A1 DETAILS 4 1 SEAMLESS CS5A1 5 4 2 ELECTRIC RESISTANT WELDED CS5A2 6 4 3 DOUBLE SUBMERGED ARC WELDED CS5A3 7 4 4 BUTT WELDED CS5A4 7 CS5A1 STD.(DIM.) 5 1 ANSI B36.10 CS6A1 8 CS5A2 STD.(DIM.) 6 1 ANSI B36.10 CS6A2 9 CS5A3 STD.(DIM.) 7 1 ANSI B36.10 CS6A3 10 CS6A1 STD.(MAT.) 8 1 API 5L CS7A1 11 8 2 ASTM A105 CS7A1 11 8 3 ASTM A53 CS7A2 12 8 4 ASTM A333 (LOW TEMP.) CS7A3 13 CS6A2 STD.(MAT.) 9 1 API 5L CS7A1 11 9 2 ASTM A53 CS7A2 12 9 3 ASTM A333 CS7A3 13 CS6A3 STD.(MAT.) 10 1 API 5L CS7A1 11 10 2 ASTM A53 CS7A2 12 CS7A1 GRADES 11 1 GRADE A CS8A1 14 11 2 GRADE B CS8A1 14 CS7A2 GRADES 12 1 GRADE A CS8A2 15 12 2 GRADE B CS8A2 15 CS7A3 GRADES 13 1 GRADE 6 CS8A1 14 CSBA1 FINISH 14 1 BLACK CS9AN1 16 CSBA2 FINISH 15 1 BLACK CS9AN1 16 15 2 GALVANISED CS9AN1 16 CS9AN1 16 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10A1 17 CS10A1 SCHEDULE 17 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11A 18 17 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11A 18 17 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11B 19 17 4 SCHEDULE 10 CS11C 20 17 5 SCHEDULE 20 CS11D 21 17 6 SCHEDULE 30 CS11E 22 17 7 SCHEDULE 40 CS11F 23 17 8 SCHEDULE 60 CS11G 24 17 9 SCHEDULE 80 CS11H 25 17 10 SCHEDULE 100 CS11G 24 17 11 SCHEDULE 120 CS11I 26 17 12 SCHEDULE 140 CS11G 24 17 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11J 27 CS11A SIZES 18 1 6 18 2 8 18 3 10 18 4 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 30 900 18 31 1050 CS11J SIZES 27 1 15 27 2 20 27 3 25 27 4 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 19 550 27 20 600 CS3B1 TYPE 28 1 BUTT WELDED CS4B1 29 28 2 HIGH PRESSURE SCREWED CS4B2 30 28 3 HIGH PRESSURE SOCKET WELD CS4B3 31 28 4 HIGH PRESSURE UNIONS CS4B4 32 28 5 HIGH PRESSURE REDUCER INSERTS CS4B5 33 28 6 HIGH PRESSURE TUBULARS CS4B6 34 28 7 OUTLET FITTINGS CS4B7 35 CS4B1 DETAILS 29 1 ELBOWS 90 DEGREE LONG RADIUS CS5B1 36 29 2 ELBOWS 45 DEGREE LONG RADIUS CS5B1 36 29 3 TEES EQUEL CS5B1 36 29 4 RETURNS 180 DEGREE LONG RADIUS CS5B1 36 29 5 CAPS CS5B2 37 29 6 TEES REDUCING CS5B3 38 29 7 REDUCERS CONCENTRIC CS5B3 38 29 8 REDUCERS ECCENTRIC CS5B3 38 29 9 ELBOWS 90 DEGREE SHORT RADIUS CS5B4 39 29 10 RETURNS 180 DEGREE SHORT RADIUS CS5B4 39 CS4B2 DETAILS 30 1 ELBOWS 90 DEGREE CS5B5 40 30 2 ELBOWS 45 DEGREE CS5B5 40 30 3 TEE EQUEL CS5B5 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 12 TEES REDUCING CS5B8 43 CS4B3 DETAILS 31 1 ELBOWS 90 DEGREE CS5B9 44 31 2 ELBOWS 45 DEGREE CS5B9 44 31 3 TEES EQUEL CS5B9 44 31 4 CROSSES CS5B9 44 31 5 COUPLINGS FULL CS5B9 44 31 6 COUPLINGS HALF CS5B9 44 31 7 CAPS CS5B9 44 31 8 TEES REDUCING CS5B10 45 CS4B4 DETAILS 32 1 UNIONS SCREWS CS5B11 46 32 2 UNIONS SOCKET WELD CS5B11 46 CS4B5 DETAILS 33 1 REDUCER INSERTS TYPE 1 CS5B12 47 33 2 REDUCER INSERTS TYPE 2 CS5B12 47 CS4B6 DETAILS 34 1 SWAGE NIPPLES CONCENTRIC LESC/SESC CS5B13 48 34 1 SWAGE NIPPLES CONCENTRIC LESC/SEPE CS5B13 48 34 1 SWAGE NIPPLES CONCENTRIC LESC/SEBE CS5B13 48 34 1 SWAGE NIPPLES CONCENTRIC LEPE/SESC CS5B13 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 23 PIPE NIPPLES PE/BE CS5B14 49 34 24 PIPE NIPPLES BE/BE CS5B14 49 CS4B7 DETAILS 35 1 WELDOLETS CS5B15 50 35 2 LATROLETS BUTT WELD CS5B16 51 35 3 ELBOLETS BUTT WELDS CS5B16 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 11 NIPOLETS PLAIN END CS5B20 55 CS5B1 STD.(DIAM.) 36 1 ANSI B16.9 (TO 600 DIA.) CS6B1 56 36 2 MSS-SP48 (ABOVE 600 DIA.) CS6B2 57 CS5B2 STD.(DIAM.) 37 1 ANSI B16.9 (TO 600 DIA.) CS6B3 58 37 2 MSS-SP48 (ABOVE 600 DIA.) CS6B4 59 CS5B3 STD.(DIAM.) 38 1 ANSI B16.9 (TO 600 DIA.) CS6B5 60 38 2 MSS-SP48 (ABOVE 600 DIA.) CS6B6 61 CS5B4 STD.(DIAM.) 39 1 ANSI B16.28 CS6B7 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS5B19 STD.(DIAM.) 54 1 ANSI B16.11 CS6B22 77 CS5B20 STD.(DIAM.) 55 1 ANSI B16.11 CS6B23 78 CS6B1 STD.(MAT.) 56 1 ASTM A234 CS7B1 79 56 2 ASTM A420 (LOW TEMP.) CS7B2 80 CS6B2 STD.(MAT.) 57 1 ASTM A234 CS7B3 81 57 2 ASTM A420 (LOW TEMP.) CS7B4 82 CS6B3 STD.(MAT.) 58 1 ASTM A234 CS7B5 83 58 2 ASTM A420 (LOW TEMP.) CS7B6 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS6B23 STD.(MAT.) 78 1 ASTM A105 CS7BN8 120 78 2 ASTM A350 (LOW TEMP.) CS7B35 121 CS7B1 GRADES 79 1 WPA CS8B1 122 79 2 WPB CS8B1 122 CS7B2 GRADES 80 1 WPL6 CS8B1 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS7B35 GRADES 121 1 LF3 CS8B23 144 CS8B1 FINISH 122 1 BLACK CS9BN1 145 CS8B2 FINISH 123 1 BLACK CS9BN2 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS8B8 FINISH 129 1 BLACK CS9B1 152 129 2 GALVANISED CS9B1 152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS8B23 FINISH 144 1 BLACK CS9B12 167 CS9BN1 145 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10B1 168 CS9BN2 146 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10B2 169 CS9BN3 147 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10B3 170 CS9BN4 148 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10B4 171 CS9BN5 149 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10B5 172 CS9BN6 150 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10B6 173 CS9BN7 151 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS10B7 174 CS9B1 RATING 152 1 2000# CS10BN1 175 152 2 3000# CS10BN1 175 152 3 6000# CS10BN1 175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS9B12 RATING 167 1 3000# CS10BN17 195 167 2 6000# CS10BN17 195 CS10B1 SCHEDULE 168 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11K 196 168 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11K 196 168 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11L 197 168 4 SCHEDULE 10 CS11M 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11Q 201 CS10B2 SCHEDULE 169 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11R 202 169 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11R 202 169 3 SCHEDULE 10 CS11R 202 169 4 SCHEDULE 20 CS11R 202 169 5 SCHEDULE 30 CS11R 202 169 6 SCHEDULE 40 CS11S 203 CS10B3 SCHEDULE 170 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11K 196 170 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11K 196 CS10B4 SCHEDULE 171 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11R 202 171 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11R 202 CS10B5 SCHEDULE 172 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11U 204 172 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11U 204 172 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11V 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11Z 209 CS10B6 SCHEDULE 173 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11AA 210 173 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11AA 210 173 3 SCHEDULE 10 CS11AA 210 173 4 SCHEDULE 20 CS11AA 210 173 5 SCHEDULE 30 CS11AA 210 173 6 SCHEDULE 40 CS11AB 211 CS10B7 SCHEDULE 174 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11AC 212 174 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11AC 212 174 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11AD 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11AH 217 CS10BN1 175 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AI 218 CS10BN2 176 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AI 219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS10BN10 184 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AP 225 CS10BN11 185 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AQ 226 CS10B8 SCHEDULE 186 1 SCHEDULE 80 CS11AM 222 186 2 SCHEDULE 160 CS11AM 222 CS10B9 SCHEDULE 187 1 SCHEDULE 80 CS11AR 227 187 2 SCHEDULE 160 CS11AS 228 CS10B10 SCHEDULE 188 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11AT 229 188 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11AU 230 CA10B11 SCHEDULE 189 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11AV 231 189 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11AV 231 CS10BN12 190 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AW 232 CS10BN13 191 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AX 233 CS10BN14 192 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AW 232 CS10BN15 193 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AY 234 CS10BN16 194 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AV 231 CS10BN17 195 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11AZ 235 CS11K SIZES 196 1 15 196 2 20 196 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 20 600 CS11L SIZES 197 1 15 197 2 20 137 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 15 300 CS11M SIZES 198 1 350 198 2 400 198 3 450 198 4 500 198 5 600 CS11N SIZES 199 1 200 199 2 250 199 3 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8 600 CS11P SIZES 200 1 100 200 2 125 200 3 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 11 600 CS11Q SIZES 201 1 15 201 2 20 201 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 19 600 CS11R SIZES 202 1 750 202 2 900 CS11S SIZES 203 1 900 CS11U SIZES 204 1  20 × 15 204 2  25 × 20 204 3  25 × 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 80 600 × 250 CS11V SIZES 205 1  20 × 15 205 2  25 × 20 205 3  25 × 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 49 300 × 250 CS11W SIZES 206 1 400 × 350 206 2 450 × 400 206 3 450 × 350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 10 600 × 350 CS11X SIZES 207 1 250 × 200 207 2 300 × 250 207 3 300 × 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 26 600 × 300 207 27 600 × 250 CS11Y SIZES 208 1 125 × 100 208 2 150 × 125 208 3 150 × 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 40 600 × 250 CS11Z SIZES 209 1  20 × 15 209 2  25 × 20 209 3  25 × 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 72 600 × 250 CS11AA SIZES 210 1 750 × 600 210 2 750 × 500 210 3 750 × 450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 8 900 × 450 CS11AB SIZES 211 1 900 × 600 211 2 900 × 500 211 3 900 × 450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS11AZ SIZES 235 1 15 235 2 20 235 3 25 235 4 32 235 5 40 235 6 50 CS3C1 TYPE 236 1 STANDARD CS4C1 237 236 2 LARGE BORE CS4C2 238 236 3 ORIFICE CS4C3 239 236 4 BLINDS CS4C4 240 CS4C1 DETAILS 237 1 SLIP ON CS5C1 241 237 2 SCREWED CS5C1 241 237 3 LAPPED CS5C1 241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 10 SOCKET WELD CS5C7 247 CS4C2 DETAILS 238 1 BLIND CS5C8 248 238 2 BLIND RING JOINT CS5C9 249 238 3 SLIP ON CS5C10 250 238 4 WELD NECK CS5C11 251 238 5 WELD NECK RING JOINT CS5C12 252 CS4C3 DETAILS 239 1 SLIP ON CS5C13 253 239 2 SLIP ON RING JOINT CS5C13 253 239 3 WELD NECK CS5C14 254 239 4 WELD NECK RING JOINT CS5C14 254 CS4C4 DETAILS 240 1 SPECTACLE BLIND CS5C15 255 240 2 PADDLE BLIND CS5C16 256 240 3 RING SPACER CS5C16 256 CS5C1 STD.(DIM.) 241 1 ANSI B16.5 CS6C1 257 CS5C2 STD.(DIM.) 242 1 ANSI B16.5 CS6C2 258 CS5C3 STD.(DIM.) 243 1 ANSI B16.5 CS6C3 259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS5C16 STD.(DIM.) 256 1 ANSI B16.5 CS618 274 CS6C1 STD.(MAT.) 257 1 ASTM A105 CS7CN1 275 257 2 ASTM A360(LT) CS7C1 276 CS6C2 STD.(MAT.) 258 1 ASTM A105 CS7CN2 277 258 2 ASTM A350(LT) CS7C2 278 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS6C18 STD.(MAT.) 274 1 ASTM A105 CS7CN18 308 CS7CN1 275 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8C1 309 CS7C1 GRADES 276 1 LF1 CS8C1 309 276 2 LF2 CS8C1 309 276 3 LF2 CS8C1 309 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS7CN18 308 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8C18 326 CS8C1 FINISH 309 1 BLACK CS9C1 327 CS8C2 FINISH 310 1 BLACK CS9C2 328 CS8C3 FINISH 311 1 BLACK CS9C3 329 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS8C18 FINISH 326 1 BLACK CS9C18 344 CS9C1 RATING 327 1 CLASS 150 CS10CN1 345 327 2 CLASS 300 CS10CN1 345 327 3 CLASS 600 CS10CN1 345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS9C18 RATING 344 1 CLASS 150 CS10CN21 374 344 2 CLASS 300 CS10CN21 374 344 3 CLASS 600 CS10CN21 374 344 4 CLASS 900 CS10CN21 374 CS10CN1 345 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11K 196 CS10CN2 346 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11Q 201 CS10CN3 347 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BA 375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS10CN14 358 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BA 375 CS10C1 SCHEDULE 359 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11K 196 359 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11K 196 359 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11L 197 359 4 SCHEDULE 10 CS11M 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11Q 201 CS10C2 SCHEDULE 360 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BC 377 360 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BC 377 360 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11BD 378 360 4 SCHEDULE 10 CS11BC 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11BC 377 CS10C3 SCHEDULE 361 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BA 375 361 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BA 375 361 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11BA 375 361 4 SCHEDULE 10 CS11M 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11BA 375 CS10C4 SCHEDULE 362 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BG 381 362 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BG 381 362 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11BH 382 362 4 SCHEDULE 10 CS11M 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11BI 383 CS10C5 SCHEDULE 363 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BJ 384 363 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BJ 384 363 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11BJ 384 363 4 SCHEDULE 40 CS11BJ 384 363 5 SCHEDULE 80 CS11BJ 384 363 6 SCHEDULE 160 CS11BJ 384 CS10C6 SCHEDULE 364 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BK 385 364 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BK 385 364 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11BK 385 364 4 SCHEDULE 40 CS11BK 385 364 5 SCHEDULE 80 CS11BK 385 364 6 SCHEDULE 160 CS11BK 385 CS10C7 SCHEDULE 365 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BL 386 365 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BL 386 365 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11BL 386 365 4 SCHEDULE 40 CS11BL 386 365 5 SCHEDULE 80 CS11BL 386 365 6 SCHEDULE 160 CS11BL 386 CS10CN15 366 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BM 387 CS10CN16 367 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BM 387 CS10CN17 368 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BM 387 CS10C8 SCHEDULE 369 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BM 387 369 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BM 387 369 3 SCHEDULE 20 CS11BM 387 369 4 SCHEDULE 30 CS11BN 388 369 5 SCHEDULE 40 CS11BO 389 CS10CN18 370 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BP 390 CS10C9 SCHEDULE 371 1 STANDARD WEIGHT CS11BP 390 371 2 EXTRA STRONG CS11BP 390 371 3 DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG CS11BQ 391 371 4 SCHEDULE 10 CS11M 198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 13 SCHEDULE 160 CS11BP 390 CS10CN19 372 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BR 392 CS10CN20 373 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BS 393 CS10CN21 374 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BT 394 CS11BA SIZES 375 1 15 375 2 20 375 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 14 300 CS11BB SIZES 376 1 25 376 2 32 376 3 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 18 600 CS11BC SIZES 377 1 15 377 2 20 377 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 19 800 CS11BD SIZES 378 1 15 378 2 20 378 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 14 300 CS11BE SIZES 379 1 200 379 2 250 379 3 300 CS11BF SIZES 380 1 100 380 2 150 380 3 200 380 4 250 380 5 300 CS11BG SIZES 381 1 25 381 2 32 381 3 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 18 600 CS11BH SIZES 382 1 25 382 2 32 382 3 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 13 300 CS11BI 383 1 25 383 2 32 383 3 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 17 600 CS11BJ SIZES 384 1 25 384 2 32 384 3 40 384 4 50 384 5 65 384 6 80 CS11BK SIZES 385 1 15 385 2 20 385 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 8 80 CS11BL SIZES 386 1 15 386 2 20 386 3 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 7 65 CS11BM SIZES 387 1 650 387 2 700 387 3 750 387 4 800 367 5 850 367 6 900 CS11BN SIZES 388 1 700 388 2 750 388 3 800 388 4 850 388 5 900 CS11BO SIZES 389 1 800 389 2 850 389 3 900 CS11BP SIZES 390 1 25 390 2 32 390 3 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 17 600 CS11BQ SIZES 391 1 25 391 2 32 391 3 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 12 300 CS11BR SIZES 392 1 25 392 2 40 392 3 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 10 350 CS11BS SIZES 393 1 25 393 2 40 393 3 50 393 7 200 CS11BT SIZES 394 1 25 394 2 40 394 3 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 14 600 CS3E1 TYPE 395 1 MACHINE BOLTS CS4E1 396 395 2 STUD BOLTS CS4E2 397 CS4E1 DETAILS 396 1 Mc.BOLT SETS FOR FLGS. TO ANSI B16.5 CS5E1 398 396 2 Mc.BOLT SETS FOR FLGS TO BS3293 CS5E2 399 396 3 Mc.BOLT SETS FOR FLGS. TO MSS-SP44 CS5E3 400 CS4E2 DETAILS 397 1 STUD BOLT SETS FOR FLGS. TO ANSI B16.5 CS5E4 397 2 STUD BOLT SETS FOR FLGS. TO BS3293 CS5E5 402 397 3 STUD BOLT SETS FOR FLGS. TO MSS-SP44 CS5E6 397 4 STUD BOLT SETS (LT) FOR FLGS. TO ANSI B16.5 CS5E7 397 5 STUD BOLT SETS (LT) FOR FLGS. TO BS3293 CS5E8 397 6 STUD BOLT SETS (LT) FOR FLGS. TO MSS-SP44 CS5E9 397 7 STUD BOLT SETS FOR FLGS. TO ANSI B16.36 CS5E10 397 8 STUD BOLT SETS (LT) FOR FLGS. TO ANSI B16.36 CS5E11 CS5E1 STD. (DIM.) 398 1 ANSI B18.2 CS6E1 409 CS5E2 STD. (DIM.) 399 1 ANSI B18.2 CS6E2 410 CS5E3 STD. (DIM.) 400 1 ANSI B18.2 CS6E3 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS5E11 STD. (DIM.) 406 1 ANSI B18.2 CS6E11 419 CS6E1 STD. (MAT.) 409 1 ASTM A307 CS7EN1 420 CS6E2 STD. (MAT.) 410 1 ASTM A307 CS7EN2 421 CS6E3 STD. (MAT.) 411 1 ASTM A307 CS7EN3 422 CS6E4 STD. (MAT.) 412 1 STUDS TO ASTM A193 CS7E1 426 412 2 NUTS TO ASTM A194 CS7E2 424 CS6E5 STD. (MAT.) 413 1 STUDS TO ASTM A193 CS7E3 425 413 2 NUTS TO ASTM A194 CS7E4 426 CS6E6 STD. (MAT.) 414 1 STUDS TO ASTM A193 CS7E5 427 414 2 NUTS TO ASTM A194 CS7E6 428 CS6E7 STD. (MAT.) 415 1 STUDS TO ASTM A320 CS7E7 429 415 2 NUTS TO ASTM A320 CS7E8 430 CS6E8 STD. (MAT.) 416 1 STUDS TO ASTM A320 CS7E9 431 416 2 NUTS TO ASTM A320 CS7E10 432 CS6E9 STD. (MAT.) 417 1 STUDS TO ASTM A320 CS7E11 433 417 2 NUTS TO ASTM A320 CS7E12 434 CS6E10 STD. (MAT.) 418 1 STUDS TO ASTM A193 CS7E13 435 418 2 NUTS TO ASTM A194 CS7E14 436 CS6E11 STD. (MAT.) 419 1 STUDS TO ASTM A193 CS7E15 437 419 2 NUTS TO ASTM A194 CS7E16 438 CS7EN1 420 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8E1 439 CS7EN2 421 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8E2 440 CS7EN3 422 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8E3 441 CS7E1 GRADES 423 1 B7 CS8E4 442 CS7E2 GRADES 424 1 2H CS8E4 442 CS7E3 GRADES 435 1 B7 CS8E5 443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS7E16 GRADES 438 1 2H CS8E7 445 CS8E1 FINISH 439 2 BLACK CS9E1 446 CS8E2 FINISH 440 1 BLACK CS9E2 447 CS8E3 FINISH 441 1 BLACK CS9E3 448 CS8E4 FINISH 442 1 BLACK CS9E4 449 CS8E5 FINISH 443 1 BLACK CS9E5 450 CS8E6 FINISH 444 1 BLACK CS9E6 451 CS8E7 FINISH 445 1 BLACK CS9E7 452 CS9E1 FLG. RATING 446 1 CLASS 150 RAISED FACE CS10EN1 453 446 2 CLASS 150 RING JOINT CS10EN2 454 446 3 CLASS 300 RAISED FACE CS10EN3 455 446 4 CLASS 300 RING JOINT CS10EN4 456 CS9E2 FLG. RATING 447 1 CLASS 150 RAISED PACE CS10EN5 457 447 2 CLASS 300 RAISED PACE CS10EN6 458 447 3 CLASS 300 RING JOINT CS10EN7 459 CS9E3 FLG. RATING 448 1 CLASS 150 RAISED FACE CS10EN8 460 448 2 CLASS 300 RAISED FACE CS10EN9 461 448 3 CLASS 300 RING JOINT CS10EN10 462 CS9E4 FLG. RATING 449 1 CLASS 150 RAISED FACE CS10EN11 463 449 2 CLASS 150 RING JOINT CS10EN12 464 449 3 CLASS 300 RAISED FACE CS10EN13 465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 12 CLASS 2500 RING JOINT CS10EN22 474 CS9E5 FLG. RATING 450 1 CLASS 160 RAISED FACE CS10EN23 475 450 2 CLASS 300 RAISED FACE CS10EN24 476 450 3 CLASS 300 RING JOINT CS10EN25 477 450 4 CLASS 600 RAISED FACE CS10EN26 478 450 5 CLASS 800 RING JOINT CS10EN27 479 CS9E6 FLG. RATING 451 1 CLASS 150 RAISED FACE CS10EN28 480 451 2 CLASS 300 RAISED FACE CS10EN29 481 451 3 CLASS 300 RING JOINT CS10EN30 482 451 4 CLASS 600 RAISED FACE CS10EN31 483 451 5 CLASS 600 RING JOINT CS10EN32 484 451 6 CLASS 900 RAISED FACE CS10EN33 485 CS9E7 FLG. RATING 452 1 CLASS 300 RAISED FACE CS10EN34 486 452 2 CLASS 300 RING JOINT CS10EN35 487 452 3 CLASS 600 RAISED FACE CS10EN36 488 452 4 CLASS 600 RING JOINT CS10EN37 489 CS10EN1 453 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BU 490 CS10EN2 454 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BV 491 CS10EN3 455 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BW 492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS10EN37 489 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11DE CS11BU FLG. SIZES 490 1 15 CS12BU1 490 2 20 CS12BU2 490 3 25 CS12BU3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 20 600 CS12BU20 CS11BV FLG. SIZES 491 1 25 CS12BV1 491 2 32 CS12BV2 491 3 40 CS12BV3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 18 600 CS12BV18 CS11BW FLG. SIZES 492 1 15 CS12BW1 492 2 20 CS12BW2 492 3 25 CS12BW3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 20 600 CS12BW20 CS11BX FLG. SIZES 493 1 15 CS12BX1 493 2 20 CS12BX2 493 3 25 CS12BX3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 20 600 CS12BX20 CS11BY FLG. SIZES 494 1 650 CS12BY1 494 2 700 CS12BY2 494 3 750 CS12BY3 494 4 800 CS12BY4 494 5 850 CS12BY5 494 6 900 CS12BY6 CS11BZ FLG. SIZES 495 1 650 CS12BZ1 495 2 700 CS12BZ2 495 3 750 CS12BZ3 495 4 800 CS12BZ4 495 5 850 CS12BZ5 495 6 900 CS12BZ6 CS11CA FLG. SIZES 496 1 650 CS12CA1 496 2 700 CS12CA2 496 3 750 CS12CA3 496 4 800 CS12CA4 496 5 850 CS12CA5 496 6 900 CS12CA6 CS11CB FLG. SIZES 497 1 650 CS12CB1 497 2 700 CS12CB2 497 3 750 CS12CB3 497 4 800 CS12CB4 497 5 850 CS12CB5 497 6 900 CS12CB6 CS11CC FLG. SIZES 498 1 650 CS12CC1 498 2 700 CS12CC2 498 3 750 CS12CC3 498 4 800 CS12CC4 498 5 850 CS12CC5 498 6 900 CS12CC6 CS11CD FLG. SIZES 499 1 650 CS12CD1 499 2 700 CS12CD2 499 3 750 CS12CD3 499 4 800 CS12CD4 499 5 850 CS12CD5 499 6 900 CS12CD6 CS11CE FLG. SIZES 500 1 15 CS12CE1 500 2 20 CS12CE2 500 3 25 CS12CE3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 20 600 CS12CE20 CS11CF FLG. SIZES 501 1 25 CS12CF1 501 2 32 CS12CF2 501 3 40 CS12CF3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 18 800 CS12CF18 CS11CG FLG. SIZES 502 1 15 CS12CG1 502 2 20 CS12CG2 502 3 25 CS12CG3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 20 600 CS12CG20 CS11CH FLG. SIZES 503 1 15 CS12CH1 503 2 20 CS12CH2 503 3 25 CS12CH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 20 600 CS12CH20 CS11CI FLG. SIZES 504 1 15 CS12CI1 504 2 20 CS12CI2 504 3 25 CS12CI3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 20 600 CS12CI20 CS11CJ FLG. SIZES 505 1 15 CS12CJ1 505 2 20 CS12CJ2 505 3 25 CS12CJ3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 20 600 CS12CJ20 CS11CK FLG. SIZES 506 1 15 CS12CK1 506 2 20 CS12CK2 506 3 25 CS12CK3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 19 600 CS12CK19 CS11CL FLG. SIZES 507 1 15 CS12CL1 507 2 20 CS12CL2 507 3 25 CS12CL3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 19 600 CS12CL19 CS11CM FLG. SIZES 508 1 15 CS12CM1 508 2 20 CS12CM2 508 3 25 CS12CM3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 19 600 CS12CM19 CS11CN FLG. SIZES 509 1 15 CS12CN1 509 2 20 CS12CN2 509 3 25 CS12CN3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 19 600 CS12CN19 CS11CO FLG. SIZES 510 1 15 CS12CO1 510 2 20 CS12CO2 510 3 25 CS12CO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 14 300 CS12CO14 CS11CP FLG. SIZES 511 1 15 CS12CP1 511 2 20 CS12CP2 511 3 25 CS12CP3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 14 300 CS12CP14 CS11CQ FLG. SIZES 512 1 650 CS12CQ1 512 2 700 CS12CQ2 512 3 750 CS12CQ3 512 4 800 CS12CQ4 512 5 850 CS12CQ5 512 6 900 CS12CQ6 CS11CR FLG. SIZES 513 1 650 CS12CR1 513 2 700 CS12CR2 513 3 750 CS12CR3 513 4 800 CS12CR4 513 5 850 CS12CR5 513 6 900 CS12CR6 CS11CS FLG. SIZES 514 1 650 CS12CS1 514 2 700 CS12CS2 514 3 750 CS12CS3 514 4 800 CS12CS4 514 5 850 CS12CS5 514 6 900 CS12CS6 CS11CT FLG. SIZES 515 1 650 CS12CT1 515 2 700 CS12CT2 515 3 750 CS12CT3 515 4 800 CS12CT4 515 5 850 CS12CT5 515 6 900 CS12CT6 CS11CU FLG. SIZES 516 1 650 CS12CU1 516 2 700 CS12CU2 516 3 750 CS12CU3 516 4 800 CS12CU4 516 5 850 CS12CU5 516 6 900 CS12CU6 CS11CV FLG. SIZES 517 1 650 CS12CV1 517 2 700 CS12CV2 517 3 750 CS12CV3 517 4 800 CS12CV4 517 5 850 CS12CV5 517 6 900 CS12CV6 CS11CW FLG. SIZES 518 1 650 CS12CW1 518 2 700 CS12CW2 518 3 750 CS12CW3 518 4 800 CS12CW4 518 5 850 CS12CW5 518 6 900 CS12CW6 CS11CX FLG. SIZES 519 1 650 CS12CX1 519 2 700 CS12CX2 519 3 750 CS12CX3 519 4 800 CS12CX4 519 5 850 CS12CX5 519 6 900 CS12CX6 CS11CY FLG. SIZES 520 1 650 CS12CY1 520 2 700 CS12CY2 520 3 750 CS12CY3 520 4 800 CS12CY4 520 5 850 CS12CY5 520 6 900 CS12CY6 CS11CZ FLG. SIZES 521 1 650 CS12CZ1 521 2 700 CS12CZ2 521 3 750 CS12CZ3 521 4 800 CS12CZ4 521 5 850 CS12CZ5 521 6 900 CS12CZ6 CS11DA FLG. SIZES 522 1 650 CS12DA1 522 2 700 CS12DA2 522 3 750 CS12DA3 522 4 800 CS12DA4 522 5 850 CS12DA5 522 6 900 CS12DA6 CS11DB FLG. SIZES 523 1 25 CS12DB1 523 2 32 CS12DB2 523 3 40 CS12DB3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 17 600 CS12DB17 CS11DC FLG. SIZES 524 1 25 CS12DC1 524 2 32 CS12DC2 524 3 40 CS12DC3 524 4 50 CS12DC4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 16 500 CS12DC16 524 17 600 CS12DC17 CS11DD FLG. SIZES 525 1 25 CS12DD1 525 2 32 CS12DD2 525 3 40 CS12DD3 525 4 50 CS12DD4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 16 500 CS12DD16 525 17 600 CS12DD17 CS11DE FLG. SIZES 526 1 25 CS12DE1 526 2 32 CS12DE2 526 3 40 CS12DE3 526 4 50 CS12DE4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 16 500 CS12DE16 526 17 600 CS12DE17 CS12BU1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 45 mm LG CS12BU2 2  ½ DIA. × 50 mm LG CS12BU3 3  ½ DIA. × 56 mm LG CS12BU4 4  ½ DIA. × 55 mm LG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS12BU19 19 1-⅛ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12BU20 20 1-¼ DIA. × 145 mm LG CS12BV1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 70 mm LG CS12BV2 2  ½ DIA. × 70 mm LG CS12BV3 3  ½ DIA. × 75 mm LG CS12BV4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 80 mm LG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS12BV17 17 1-⅛ DIA. × 150 mm LG CS12BV18 18 1-¼ DIA. × 160 mm LG CS12BW1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 55 mm LG CS12BW2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 60 mm LG CS12BW3 3  ⅝ DIA. × 65 mm LG CS12BW4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 65 mm LG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS12BW19 19 1-¼ DIA. × 180 mm LG CS12BW20 20 1-½ DIA. × 195 mm LG CS12BX1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 70 mm LG CS12BX2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 75 mm LG CS12BX3 3  ⅝ DIA. × 80 mm LG CS12BX4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 80 mm LG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS12BX19 19 1-¼ DIA. × 205 mm LG CS12BX20 20 1-½ DIA. × 220 mm LG CS12BY1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-¼ DIA. × 145 mm LG CS12BY2 2 1-¼ DIA. × 150 mm LG CS12BY3 3 1-¼ DIA. × 160 mm LG CS12BY4 4 1-½ DIA. × 165 mm LG CS12BY5 5 1-½ DIA. × 170 mm LG CS12BY6 6 1-½ DIA. × 180 mm LG CS12BZ1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 210 mm LG CS12BZ2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 225 mm LG CS12BZ3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 250 mm LG CS12BZ4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 255 mm LG CS12BZ5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 260 mm LG CS12BZ6 6   2 DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CA1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 240 mm LG CS12CA2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 255 mm LG CS12CA3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CA4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 290 mm LG CS12CA5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 295 mm LG CS12CA6 6   2 DIA. × 315 mm LG CS12CB1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-¼ DIA. × 180 mm LG CS12CB2 2 1-¼ DIA. × 185 mm LG CS12CB3 3 1-¼ DIA. × 195 mm LG CS12CB4 4 1-½ DIA. × 210 mm LG CS12CB5 5 1-½ DIA. × 215 mm LG CS12CB6 6 1-½ DIA. × 230 mm LG CS12CC1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 210 mm LG CS12CC2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 225 mm LG CS12CC3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 250 mm LG CS12CC4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 255 mm LG CS12CC5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 260 mm LG CS12CC6 6   2 DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CD1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 240 mm LG CS12CD2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 255 mm LG CS12CD3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CD4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 290 mm LG CS12CD5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 295 mm LG CS12CD6 6   2 DIA. × 315 mm LG CS12CE1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-½ DIA. × 60 mm LG CS12CE2 2 1-½ DIA. × 65 mm LG CS12CE3 3 1-½ DIA. × 65 mm LG CS12CE4 4 1-½ DIA. × 70 mm LG CS12CE19 19 1-⅛ DIA. × 160 mm LG CS12CE20 20 1-¼ DIA. × 170 mm LG CS12CF1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 80 mm LG CS12CF2 2  ½ DIA. × 85 mm LG CS12CF3 3  ½ DIA. × 85 mm LG CS12CF4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 100 mm LG CS12CF17 17 1-⅛ DIA. × 175 mm LG CS12CF18 18 1-¼ DIA. × 185 mm LG CS12CG1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 65 mm LG CS12CG2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 75 mm LG CS12CG3 3  ⅝ DIA. × 75 mm LG CS12CG4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 85 mm LG CS12CG19 19 1-¼ DIA. × 205 mm LG CS12CG20 20 1-½ DIA. × 230 mm LG CS12CH1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 80 mm LG CS12CH2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 90 mm LG CS12CH3 3  ⅝ DIA. × 90 mm LG CS12CH4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 100 mm LG CS12CH19 19 1-¼ DIA. × 230 mm LG CS12CH20 20 1-½ DIA. × 255 mm LG CS12CI1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 75 mm LG CS12CI2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 90 mm LG CS12CI3 3  ⅝ DIA. × 90 mm LG CS12CI4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 95 mm LG CS12CI19 19 1-⅝ DIA. × 285 mm LG CS12CI20 20 1-⅞ DIA. × 330 mm LG CS12CJ1 BOLT SIZES 1  ½ DIA. × 80 mm LG CS12CJ2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 95 mm LG CS12CJ3 3  ⅝ DIA. × 95 mm LG CS12J4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 100 mm LG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS12J19 19 1-⅝ DIA. × 300 mm LG CS12J20 20 1-⅞ DIA. × 345 mm LG CS12CK1 BOLT SIZES 1  ¾ DIA. × 110 mm LG CS12CK2 2  ¾ DIA. × 115 mm LG CS12CK3 3  ⅞ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12CK4 4  ⅞ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12CK18 18 1-⅞ DIA. × 350 mm LG CS12CK19 19 2-½ DIA. × 440 mm LG CS12CL1 BOLT SIZES 1  ¾ DIA. × 115 mm LG CS12CL2 2  ¾ DIA. × 120 mm LG CS12CL3 3  ⅞ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12CL4 4  ⅞ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12CL18 18 1-⅞ DIA. × 370 mm LG CS12CL19 19 2-½ DIA. × 470 mm LG CS12CM1 BOLT SIZES 1  ¾ DIA. × 110 mm LG CS12CM2 2  ¾ DIA. × 115 mm LG CS12CM3 3  ⅞ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12CM4 4  ⅞ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12CM18 18   3 DIA. × 540 mm LG CS12CM19 19 3-½ DIA. × 815 mm LG CS12CN1 BOLT SIZES 1  ¾ DIA. × 115 mm LG CS12CN2 2  ¾ DIA. × 120 mm LG CS12CN3 3  ⅞ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12CN4 4  ⅞ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12CN18 18   3 DIA. × 575 mm LG CS12CN19 19 3-½ DIA. × 660 mm LG CS12CO1 BOLT SIZES 1  ¾ DIA. × 120 mm LG CS12CO2 2  ¾ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12CO3 3  ⅞ DIA. × 140 mm LG CS12CO4 4   1 DIA. × 155 mm LG CS12CO18 18 2-½ DIA. × 490 mm LG CS12CO19 19 2-¾ DIA. × 540 mm LG CS12CP1 BOLT SIZES 1  ¾ DIA. × 125 mm LG CS12CP2 2  ¾ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12CP3 3  ⅞ DIA. × 145 mm LG CS12CP4 4   1 DIA. × 165 mm LG CS12CP13 13 2-½ DIA. × 525 mm LG CS12CP14 14 2-¾ DIA. × 575 mm LG CS12CQ1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-¼ DIA. × 170 mm LG CS12CQ2 2 1-¼ DIA. × 180 mm LG CS12CQ3 3 1-¼ DIA. × 180 mm LG CS12CQ4 4 1-½ DIA. × 200 mm LG CS12CQ5 5 1-½ DIA. × 205 mm LG CS12CQ6 6 1-½ DIA. × 205 mm LG CS12CR1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 250 mm LG CS12CR2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 260 mm LG CS12CR3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CR4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 300 mm LG CS12CR5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 305 mm LG CS12CR6 6   2 DIA. × 320 mm LG CS12CS1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CS2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 290 mm LG CS12CS3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 310 mm LG CS12CS4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 335 mm LG CS12CS5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 340 mm LG CS12CS6 6   2 DIA. × 355 mm LG CS12CT1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅞ DIA. × 330 mm LG CS12CT2 2   2 DIA. × 345 mm LG CS12CT3 3   2 DIA. × 350 mm LG CS12CT4 4 2-¼ DIA. × 370 mm LG CS12CT5 5 2-¼ DIA. × 375 mm LG CS12CT6 6 2-½ DIA. × 395 mm LG CS12CU1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅞ DIA. × 350 mm LG CS12CU2 2   2 DIA. × 365 mm LG CS12CU3 3   2 DIA. × 370 mm LG CS12CU4 4 2-¼ DIA. × 395 mm LG CS12CU5 5 2-¼ DIA. × 400 mm LG CS12CU6 6 2-½ DIA. × 420 mm LG CS12CV1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-¼ DIA. × 205 mm LG CS12CV2 2 1-¼ DIA. × 220 mm LG CS12CV3 3 1-¼ DIA. × 225 mm LG CS12CV4 4 1-½ DIA. × 250 mm LG CS12CV5 5 1-½ DIA. × 255 mm LG CS12CV6 6 1-½ DIA. × 265 mm LG CS12CW1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 250 mm LG CS12CW2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CW3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CW4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 300 mm LG CS12CW5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 305 mm LG CS12CW6 6   2 DIA. × 320 mm LG CS12CX1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅝ DIA. × 280 mm LG CS12CX2 2 1-⅝ DIA. × 290 mm LG CS12CX3 3 1-¾ DIA. × 310 mm LG CS12CX4 4 1-⅞ DIA. × 335 mm LG CS12CX5 5 1-⅞ DIA. × 340 mm LG CS12CX6 6   2 DIA. × 355 mm LG CS12CY1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅞ DIA. × 330 mm LG CS12CY2 2   2 DIA. × 345 mm LG CS12CY3 3   2 DIA. × 350 mm LG CS12CY4 4 2-¼ DIA. × 370 mm LG CS12CY5 5 2-¼ DIA. × 375 mm LG CS12CY6 6 2-½ DIA. × 395 mm LG CS12CZ1 BOLT SIZES 1 1-⅞ DIA. × 350 mm LG CS12CZ2 2   2 DIA. × 365 mm LG CS12CZ3 3   2 DIA. × 370 mm LG CS12CZ4 4 2-¼ DIA. × 395 mm LG CS12CZ5 5 2-¼ DIA. × 400 mm LG CS12CZ6 6 2-½ DIA. × 420 mm LG CS12DA1 BOLT SIZES 1 2-¾ DIA. × 450 mm LG CS12DA2 2   3 DIA. × 470 mm LG CS12DA3 3   3 DIA. × 480 mm LG CS12DA4 4 3-¼ DIA. × 500 mm LG CS12DA5 5 3-½ DIA. × 525 mm LG CS12DA6 6 3-½ DIA. × 540 mm LG CS12DB1 BOLT SIZES 1  ⅝ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12DB2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12DB3 3  ¾ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12DB4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12DB16 16 1-¼ DIA. × 215 mm LG CS12DB17 17 1-½ DIA. × 245 mm LG CS12DC1 BOLT SIZES 1  ⅝ DIA. × 145 mm LG CS12DC2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 145 mm LG CS12DC3 3  ¾ DIA. × 150 mm LG CS12DC4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 150 mm LG CS12DC16 16 1-¼ DIA. × 240 mm LG CS12DC17 17 1-½ DIA. × 270 mm LG CS12DD1 BOLT SIZES 1  ⅝ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12DD2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12DD3 3  ¾ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12DC4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 130 mm LG CS12DD16 16 1-⅝ DIA. × 300 mm LG CS12DD17 17 1-⅞ DIA. × 340 mm LG CS12DE1 BOLT SIZES 1  ⅝ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12DE2 2  ⅝ DIA. × 135 mm LG CS12DE3 3  ¾ DIA. × 140 mm LG CS12DC4 4  ⅝ DIA. × 140 mm LG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS12DE16 16 1-⅝ DIA. × 315 mm LG CS12DE17 17 1-⅞ DIA. × 355 mm LG CS3F1 TYPE 527 1 COMPRESSED FIBRE CS4F1 528 527 2 SPIRAL WOUND CS4F2 529 527 3 METAL RING JOINT CS4F3 530 527 4 INSULATING SETS CS4F4 531 CS4F1 DETAILS 528 1 KLINGER SIL C4210 FULL FACE CS5FN1 532 528 2 KLINGER SIL C4400 FULL FACE CSFFN1 532 528 3 KLINGER SIL C4430 FULL FACE CS5FN1 532 528 4 KLINGER SIL C4500 FULL FACE CS5FN1 532 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 11 KLINGER SIL C6327 RING JOINT CS5FN1 532 528 12 KLINGER SIL C8200 RING JOINT CS5FN1 532 CS4F2 DETAILS 529 1 TYPE CR & CRIR FOR FLGS. TO ANSI B16.5 CS5FN2 529 2 TYPE CR & CRIR FOR FLGS. TO MSS-SP44 CS5FN3 529 3 TYPE CR & CRIR FOR FLGS. TO BS3293 CS5FN4 535 CS4F3 DETAIL5 530 1 RTJ TYPE R (OVAL) FOR FLGS. TO 600 DIA. CS5FN5 530 2 RTJ TYPE R (OCTAGONAL) FLGS. TO 600 DIA. CS5FN5 530 3 RTJ TYPE R (OVAL) FLGS. ABOVE 600 DIA. CS5FN6 530 4 RTJ TYPE R (OCTAGONAL) FLGS. ABOVE 600 DIA. CS5FN6 CS4F4 DETAILS 531 1 TYPE E FULL FACE CS5FN7 538 531 2 TYPE F RAISED FACE CS5FN7 538 531 3 TYPE D RING GROOVE CS5FN7 538 CS5FN1 532 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS6FN1 539 CS5FN2 533 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS6FN2 540 CS5FN3 534 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS6FN3 541 CS5FN4 535 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS6FN4 542 CS5FN5 536 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS6FN5 543 CS5FN6 537 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS6FN6 544 CS5FN7 538 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS6FN7 545 CS6FN1 539 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS7FN1 546 CS6FN2 540 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS7FN2 547 CS6FN3 541 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS7FN3 548 CS6FN4 542 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS7FN4 549 CS6FN5 543 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS7FN5 550 CS6FN6 544 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS7FN6 551 CS6FN7 545 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS7FN7 552 CS7FN1 546 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8FN1 553 CS7FN2 547 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8FN2 554 CS7FN3 548 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8FN3 555 CS7FN4 549 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8FN4 556 CS7FN5 550 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8FN5 557 CS7FN6 551 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8FN6 558 CS7FN7 552 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS8FN7 559 CS8FN1 553 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS9F1 560 CS8FN2 554 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS9F2 561 CS8FN3 555 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS9F3 562 CS8FN4 556 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS9F4 563 CS8FN5 557 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS9F5 564 CS8FN6 558 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS9F6 565 CS8FN7 559 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS9F7 566 CS9F1 RATING 560 1 CLASS 150 CS10FN1 567 560 2 CLASS 300 CS10FN1 567 560 3 CLASS 600 CS10FN1 567 560 4 CLASS 900 CS10FN1 567 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CS9F7 RATING 566 1 CLASS 150 CS10FN1 567 566 2 CLASS 300 CS10FN1 567 566 3 CLASS 600 CS10FN1 567 566 4 CLASS 900 CS10FN1 567 566 5 CLASS 1500 CS10FN3 569 566 6 CLASS 2500 CS10FN4 570 CS10FN1 567 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11DF 572 CS10FN2 568 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11K 198 CS10FN3 569 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11Q 201 CS10FN4 570 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BA 375 CS10FN5 571 1 NOT APPLICABLE CS11BM 387 CS11DF SIZES 572 1 15 572 2 20 572 3 30 572 4 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 24 850 572 25 900

[0051] If a user selects item number 2 (Fittings) from the component menu M2 the user is then presented with type menu CS3B1 from which they are required to select one of the four items. Depending upon which of the four items the user selects, they are then presented with details menu CS4B1 CS4B2, CS4B3 or CS4B4, and so forth. When a user has selected an item from the Size menu, the selection process for that material is complete.

[0052] In order to simplify the selection process, where a menu contains only one menu item, such as menu CS5A1, the selection of the single item is made automatically and the next menu is presented to the user.

[0053] The items selected in each of the menus are passed to the output means 36.

[0054] Whilst the selections made by the user from the menus are sufficient to uniquely identify the material, the number of man-hours required to install the material is predominantly dependent upon the volume and weight of the material, which has not been selected in the menus. However, for each material, the weight and volume are constant and are stored are stored as data in the reference database 10.

[0055] The indexing means 30 forms an index for the material based upon the selection made in each component menu M2, detail menu, the rating menu, the schedule menu and the size menu. In this manner, a unique index is formed by simple concatenation of the menu number, e.g. M2, CS4B1 etc and the menu item that is selected from within that menu.

[0056] The index is output to the reference means 32 which utilises the index in referencing the reference database 10. The reference database 10 includes weight data, volume data, other data (to be described below) and also includes control data. The data referenced in the reference database 10 are passed to the processing means 34.

[0057] The processing means 34 receives the data and depending upon the instruction contained in the control data, processes the data in one of the several ways.

[0058] One of the instructions that the control data can include is that the other data in the reference database 10 represents the man-hours required to install the material. This is useful if, because of the nature of the material, the man-hours required to install the material is largely independent of factors such as the height to which the material is to be installed. The processing means 34 responds to this instruction by simply passing the data from the reference database 10, including the man-hours, onto the output means 36.

[0059] Alternatively, the control data can include an instruction that the other data in the reference database 10 represents a further index to a formula used to calculate the man-hours required to install the material. In the event of such an instruction, the processing means 34 references the formula from a formulae database 42 using the further index.

[0060] In addition, the processing means 34 references a formula adjustment database 44 using the further index. The formula adjustment database 44 contains an adjustment of the formula contained in the formula database 42, which adjustment is provided to make the calculation of the man-hours more accurate based upon past discrepancies between estimates of man-hours and actual man-hour values. Whether or not the processing means 34 references the formula adjustment table 44 is an option selectable by the user.

[0061] The processing means 34 calculates, from the formula, the data from the reference database 10 and from any formula adjustment, the man-hours required to install the material and outputs the same and the data from the reference database to the output means 36. The formula for installing different types of materials varies, in terms of whether the relationship between weight, volume and man-hours is linear, exponential or logarithmic and also in terms of whether any constants, such as the slope of the linear relationship, changes. In the case of one type of material the man-hours required to install a material is dependent predominantly upon volume; in another case it is dependent entirely upon volume; in a further case it is dependent entirely upon weight; and in a further case still, it is dependent on a combination of both.

[0062] Once the man-hours have been calculated, the processing means 34 outputs the data from the reference database 10 and the man-hours to the output means 36.

[0063] The output means 36 receives the selections made by the user from the interface means 28 and the data and the man-hours from the processing means 34 and formats these into a format suitable for the direct cost estimating module 14. In the embodiment, the selections, the data and the man-hours estimate are formatted as a row in a table suitable for inclusion in a spreadsheet-like layout.

[0064] Referring to the flow chart shown in FIG. 3, state box 50 represents initialisation of the bill of materials module 12. Once initialisation is complete, the first menu, component menu M8, is displayed as shown at state box 52 The interface means 28 then waits for the user to make a selection, as shown at state box 54. Once a selection has been made, the selection is stored and if required, the menu and selection are concatenated and stored as part of the index, shown as state box 56.

[0065] Next, a comparison is made to determine whether the menu previously displayed was the last menu, shown as state box 58. In the menu was not the last menu, the next menu is determined from the selection made by the user, and the menu is then displayed, as shown in state box 60. The software then waits for the user to again make a selection at state box 54.

[0066] If the comparison at state box 58 determines that the previous menu was the final menu, the reference database 10 is searched using the index to locate the data relating to the material, shown at state box 62.

[0067] The control data is then interpreted by the processing means 34 as shown at state box 64. If the control data indicates that the other data contained in the reference database 10 represents the man-hours, then the data and the man-hours are simply forwarded to the output means as shown at branch 66.

[0068] Alternatively, if the control data indicates that a formula is to be referenced, the other data is used by the processor means 34 to reference the formula database 42 and the formula adjustment database 44 if required. The formula is then evaluated to calculate the man-hours as shown at state box 68. The data obtained from the reference database 10 and the man-hours are then output to the output means 36 as shown at branch 70.

[0069] The output means 36 formats the selections, the data and the man-hours into a format suitable for use by the direct cost estimate module 14 as shown at state box 72.

[0070] Finally, the software returns to the start 50, as shown at state box 74.

[0071] The direct cost estimate module 14 receives the selections, the data and the man-hours estimate from the output means 36 and displays the same in a spreadsheet-like fashion, as a list of materials and man-hours required for the project. The direct cost estimate module 14 includes functions such as copy and paste so that where more than one particular component is required, a user can simply copy and paste a previous selection from the bill of materials module 12 rather than repeating the selection process through the menus.

[0072] The direct cost historical database 16 contains a database of previous bills of materials, from which materials and groups of materials are selectable from the direct cost estimate module 14. For example, if a pumping station with a 10 kiloliter per minute capacity is required, the direct cost historical database 16 is referenced to determine whether the same or a similar pumping station has previously been included in a bill of materials and if so, the materials can simply be copied from the previous bill of materials rather than requiring the user to reselect the materials. In addition to saving time by referencing previously used bills of materials, consistency between bills of materials is improved.

[0073] Further, the direct cost estimate module 14 references the direct cost adjustment database 17, so that if some materials are copied from a previous bill of materials, the cost of those materials can be updated from the direct cost adjustment database 17, providing a more accurate cost estimate.

[0074] The indirect cost estimation module 18 and the indirect cost historical database operate in a similar manner to the direct cost estimation module 14 and the direct cost historical database 16, however the indirect cost estimation module 18 does not reference the bill of materials module 12. The indirect cost estimation module 18 presents a list of possible indirect costs to the user, which the user can then either enter indirect cost values or delete from the list. Once the direct cost and the indirect cost estimates have been completed, the cost estimates are output to the estimate summary 22, which displays the cost estimate information in a variety of levels of detail and formats.

[0075] The project cost control module 24 is intended for use when the engineering project is being constructed and is used to schedule the project, for procurement of the materials, and monitoring and management of project costs.

[0076] As the actual costs of the engineering project become known, they are entered into the project cost control module 24. At the completion of the project, the actual and estimated information is output to the cost comparison means 25 which creates entries in the direct and indirect cost adjustment databases 17 and 21 corresponding to any difference between the estimated and actual cost for future reference.

[0077] In addition, information from the project cost control module 24 is output to a comparison means 46. The comparison means 46 compares, for each material, the estimated man-hours for installation and the actual man-hours for installation. The comparison means 46 adjusts the formula adjustment database 44 for that material to reduce the error between the estimated and actual man-hours value.

[0078] It should be appreciated that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiment described above.

[0079] For example, it is envisaged in other embodiments that the interface means 28 includes a further menu in which a user enters the height at which a material will be installed, which height information is then utilised by the processing means in calculating the man-hours for installation.

[0080] Alternatively, it is envisaged that in other embodiments, the control data will contain further instructions which the processing means will interpret as requiring the user to be prompted for information such as the height at which a material will be installed. The height information will then be utilised by the processing means in the formula when calculating the man-hours for installation.

[0081] Furthermore, it is envisaged that in further embodiments one or more of the selections are directly passed to the processing means for utilisation in calculating the man-hours required to install the component.

[0082] Finally, whilst the embodiment has been described with reference to carbon steel piping to American standard, it should be appreciated that this is an example only of one application of the embodiment and that the embodiment is equally applicable to other types of piping, as well as other material types, such as electrical, electronic, mechanical and structural materials. Where other material types are included, the number of menus and the menu headings vary depending upon the material type. 

1. A hierarchical relational definition system for defining an output object, comprising: interface means that sequentially presents a plurality of menus from which selections are made, each selection forming an input parameter, said input parameters corresponding to an input object; indexing means which forms an index to a database means from at least one of the input parameters; said database means including fields in which data relating to said input object is stored, one of the fields including control data; referencing means arranged to reference the database means using the index to obtain therefrom the data relating to the input object; processing means responsive to said control data, said control data including instructions to control whether the processing means references a formula and calculates further data relating to said object; and output means for creating an output corresponding to at least one of the input parameters and/or at least some of the data and the further data, if any, said output defining the output object.
 2. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each combination of input parameters represents a different input object.
 3. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, further comprising a formulae database referenced by the processing means to obtain the formula.
 4. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a formulae adjustment database, in which adjustments to each formula in the formulae database are stored, said processing means also referencing said formulae adjustment database when calculating the further data.
 5. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in claim 4, further comprising a comparison means, responsive to the output and to actual data provided by a user corresponding to actual values of the further data, the comparison means altering the adjustment in the formulae adjustment database corresponding to the input object so as to reduce any difference between the actual data and the further data.
 6. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the processing means is also responsive to at least one of the input parameters and/or at least some of the data when calculating the further data.
 7. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein only one selection is made from each menu.
 8. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the index is formed from a plurality of the input parameters.
 9. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the index is formed from the concatenated values of the plurality of input parameters.
 10. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the database means and the formula adjustment database each comprise a table.
 11. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the output means comprises table generation means which produces a table comprising at least one row, each row corresponding to an object and containing the input parameters and the further data.
 12. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the control data includes information as to whether a user is to be asked to enter data relating to the object.
 13. A hierarchical relational definition system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the control data includes information as to whether a field in said database means comprises the further data for the object or a further index to be used in referencing the formula.
 14. A method for defining an object, comprising the steps of: sequentially presenting a plurality of menus from which selections are made; forming an index to a database from at least one of the selections; referencing said database using the index to obtain therefrom data relating to the object, some of said data being control data; determining from said control data whether to reference a formula to calculate further data relating to the object, and if so, referencing said formula and calculating said further data; and presenting at least one of the selections and/or at least some of the data and the further data, if any, as an output, wherein the output defines the object.
 15. A method for defining an object as claimed in claim 14, including the step of referencing a formulae adjustment database to obtain therefrom an adjustment for said formula, which is utilised in calculating the further data.
 16. A method for defining an object as claimed in claim 15, including the step of comparing the further data with an actual value provided by a user, and on the basis of the comparison altering the adjustment corresponding to the object to reduce the difference between the further data and the actual value.
 17. A method for defining an object as claimed in claim 14, 15 or 16, wherein the index is formed from a plurality of the selections.
 18. A method for defining an object as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 17, including the step of requesting a user to enter data relating to the object if indicated to do so by the control data.
 19. A cost estimate system comprising: means for producing a direct cost estimate; and means for producing an indirect cost estimate, including a hierarchical relational definition system according to any one of claims 1 to
 13. 